Access Struct Elements Via Index

Indexes are special knowledge buildings that store a small portion of the collection's information set in an easy to traverse kind. The index stores the worth of a specific field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the sector. The ordering of the index entries supports efficient equality matches and range-based query operations. In addition, MongoDB can return sorted outcomes through the use of the ordering within the index. An index is a copy of chosen columns of information, from a table, that's designed to allow very efficient search. An index usually includes a "key" or direct link to the original row of information from which it was copied, to allow the complete row to be retrieved efficiently. Some databases extend the facility of indexing by letting builders create indexes on column values which were reworked by functions or expressions. For example, an index could presumably be created on upper, which might solely retailer the upper-case variations of the last_name area within the index. Another option generally supported is the usage of partial indices, the place index entries are created just for those records that satisfy some conditional expression. A further facet of flexibility is to permit indexing on user-defined features, in addition to expressions shaped from an assortment of built-in functions. Lists are used to retailer information of various data sorts in a sequential method.

There are addresses assigned to each element of the record, which is recognized as as Index. The index value begins from zero and goes on till the last element called the constructive index. There can also be unfavorable indexing which begins from -1 enabling you to access elements from the final to first. Let us now understand lists higher with the help of an example program. An array is a sequential assortment of the identical knowledge sort, and a construction is a user-defined data type. The declaration of an array of constructions is the same as an array of the primitive knowledge sorts but uses the structure has its elements' data type. Just like different knowledge sorts , we are ready to additionally declare an array of constructions. However, there might be one factor to be saved in mind and that's the name of the structure adopted by the dot operator(.) and the name of the array needs to be mentioned to access an array element. A structure could be outlined as a single entity holding variables of different knowledge varieties that are logically related to every other. All the information members inside a structure are accessible to the features defined outdoors the construction.

To access the info members in the main function, you need to create a construction variable. Early programming languages -- similar to Fortran, C and C++ -- enabled programmers to define their own information buildings. Today, many programming languages include an in depth assortment of built-in information structures to organize code and data. For example, Python lists and dictionaries, and JavaScript arrays and objects are common coding constructions used for storing and retrieving data. Learned index buildings have been shown to realize favorable lookup performance and house consumption compared to their traditional counterparts such as B-trees. However, most realized index research have focused on the primary indexing setting, where the bottom knowledge is sorted. In this work, we examine whether realized indexes sustain their advantage within the secondary indexing setting. We introduce Learned Secondary Index , a primary attempt to make use of realized indexes for indexing unsorted knowledge. LSI works by building a learned index over a permutation vector, which permits binary search to carried out on the unsorted base data using random access. We additionally increase LSI with a fingerprint vector to accelerate equality lookups. We show that LSI achieves comparable lookup efficiency to state-of-the-art secondary indexes while being up to 6x more space efficient. Yet functions that ingest, manipulate and produce info should perceive how information should be organized to simplify processing. Data structures convey collectively the info elements in a logical way and facilitate the efficient use, persistence and sharing of information. They provide a proper model that describes the way the information elements are organized. Use dot notation to create, assign, and access information in construction fields. If the value stored in a subject is an array, then you ought to use array indexing to access elements of the array. When you retailer a number of constructions as a construction array, you can use array indexing and dot notation to access individual structures and their fields. Suppose you have to store the small print of scholars like name, class, and roll quantity in your database. Now, the first thing that comes to your mind would be to create a structure variable and access the coed particulars.

This technique is practical for a couple of students solely, but what if the whole number of students is a hundred or one thing. It is not convenient to create 100 separate construction variables for a hundred college students. Arrays are extraordinarily powerful data buildings that store elements of the same sort. The sort of elements and the dimensions of the array are fastened and outlined when you create it. Data buildings such as binary search bushes -- also recognized as an ordered or sorted binary tree -- provide efficient strategies of sorting objects, such as character strings used as tags. With information structures such as priority queues, programmers can handle items organized based on a particular precedence. In addition to utilizing the aforementioned curpsinfo struct, the subsequent instance examines some kernel structs as properly by observing the relationship between the ksyms driver and read requests. The driver makes use of two common structs, often identified as uio and iovec, to respond to requests to read from the character gadget file /dev/ksyms. Pointers maintain memory addresses of stored constants or variables. For any data sort, together with each primitive types and custom sorts, you'll have the ability to create a pointer that holds the reminiscence address of an instance of that kind. If your reply is "yes" to any of those questions, then it's almost sure that you've used arrays and you didn't even know it! 😃 Arrays are very highly effective knowledge structures that store lists of elements.

We usually refer to these data varieties as semi-structured data varieties. Strictly talking, OBJECT is the one one of these information types that, by itself, has the entire characteristics of a truesemi-structured data sort. Elements are ordered from the smallest to the best score. A union is a custom data type used for storing several variables in the same reminiscence space. Although you possibly can access any of these variables at any time, you must solely read from certainly one of them at a time—assigning a value to certainly one of them overwrites the values within the others. There are three information sorts that symbolize fractional numbers. While the sizes and ranges of those types are constant across most laptop systems in use right now, historically the sizes of these varieties varied from system to system. As such, the minimal and maximum values are stored in macro definitions within the library header file float.h. In this part, we embody the names of the macro definitions instead of their attainable values; check your system's float.h for particular numbers. This tutorial introduces tips on how to create an array of structures in C. It is the collection of multiple construction variables the place every variable accommodates information about different entities.

This attribute describes whether all knowledge objects in a given repository are of the identical kind. One instance is a set of elements in an array, or of assorted types, corresponding to an summary information type defined as a structure in C or a class specification in Java. In common, data buildings are used to implement the bodily types of summary data types. Data buildings are a vital a half of designing environment friendly software program. They also play a crucial position in algorithm design and how these algorithms are used within computer applications. Data structures are the constructing blocks for extra sophisticated applications. They are designed by composing knowledge elements right into a logical unit representing an summary data kind that has relevance to the algorithm or application. An example of an summary information sort is a "buyer name" that's composed of the character strings for "first name," "middle name" and "last name." A knowledge structure is a specialised format for organizing, processing, retrieving and storing information. There are several fundamental and superior types of data constructions, all designed to rearrange data to swimsuit a selected purpose. Data buildings make it straightforward for users to access and work with the info they want in appropriate ways. Most importantly, data constructions body the organization of information in order that machines and humans can better perceive it. The uio in turn accommodates an array of a number of iovec structures which every describe a chunk of the requested I/O, within the event that a number of chunks are requested using the readv or writev system calls. The same_bucket operate is handed references to two elements from the vector and should decide if the elements examine equal. The elements are handed in reverse order from their order in the slice, so if same_bucket returns true, a is eliminated. MongoDB uses multikey indexes to index the content material stored in arrays. If you index a area that holds an array worth, MongoDB creates separate index entries for each element of the array.

These multikey indexes permit queries to decide out paperwork that comprise arrays by matching on element or elements of the arrays. MongoDB routinely determines whether to create a multikey index if the listed area incorporates an array worth; you do not need to explicitly specify the multikey sort. This technique provides a counter to an iterable and returns them together as an enumerated object. This enumerate object may be simply converted to a listing using a list() constructor. This is the commonest way of accessing each elements and their indices on the same time. So far we checked indexes that are useful to question by range or by single merchandise. However other Redis information constructions corresponding to Sets or Lists can be utilized to find a way to construct different type of indexes. They are very commonly used but perhaps we don't all the time understand they are actually a type of indexing. This question may be performed with a multi column index, however this requires us to pick the primary variable and then scan the second, which means we may do much more work than needed. It is feasible to carry out these kinds of queries involving a number of variables using totally different data buildings. For instance, multi-dimensional trees similar to k-d trees or r-trees are sometimes used. Here we'll describe a different way to index information into a quantity of dimensions, using a illustration trick that allows us to carry out the query in a very efficient means using Redis lexicographical ranges. We can outline a structure the place we can declare the information members of different information sorts according to our needs. In this case, a construction named BOOK could be created having three members book_name, author_name, and genre. Multiple variables of the kind BOOK could be created corresponding to book1, book2, and so on . If you utilize conservative optimization flags, such packages are generally portable to the vast majority of recent platforms, with a number of exceptions discussed later. Register is nearly similar in objective to auto, except that it additionally suggests to the compiler that the variable will be heavily used, and, if potential, ought to be stored in a register. You cannot use the address-of operator to acquire the address of a variable declared withregister.

This implies that you can not refer to the elements of an array declared with storage class register. In fact the only thing you can do with such an array is measure its dimension withsizeof. GCC usually makes good choices about which values to hold in registers, and so register is not often used. You can outline buildings, unions, and enumerations with out listing their members . You can't declare variables of incomplete varieties, but you'll have the ability to work with pointers to those types. An array is a knowledge construction that lets you store one or more elements consecutively in memory. In C, array elements are listed starting at place zero, not one. The 8-bit unsigned char knowledge sort can hold integer values in the vary of zero to 255. The 8-bit signed char data sort can hold integer values in the range of -128 to 127. The integer knowledge sorts vary in size from a minimal of 8 bits to no less than 32 bits. The C99 standard extends this range to include integer sizes of a minimum of 64 bits. You ought to use integer types for storing whole quantity values . The sizes and ranges listed for these sorts are minimums; relying on your laptop platform, these sizes and ranges could also be bigger. Identifiers are sequences of characters used for naming variables, functions, new knowledge sorts, and preprocessor macros. You can embrace letters, decimal digits, and the underscore character '_' in identifiers. A database index is a knowledge construction that improves the speed of information retrieval operations on a database table at the price of additional writes and space for storing to take care of the index information structure. Indexes are used to shortly locate knowledge with out having to search each row in a database table each time a database table is accessed.

Indexes can be created utilizing one or more columns of a database desk, providing the idea for both speedy random lookups and efficient access of ordered data. Values of different knowledge types could be forged to VARIANT after which saved in an array. Some functions for ARRAYs, includingARRAY_CONSTRUCT, can implicitly forged values to VARIANT for you. For information that's mostly common and uses solely native JSON varieties , both storage and question performance for operations on relational data and information in a VARIANT column is very related. Linked listing knowledge structures are a set of nodes that include information and the handle or a pointer to the subsequent node. The knowledge structure hierarchy exhibits how data varieties and knowledge structures are associated. Software engineers use algorithms that are tightly coupled with the data structures -- similar to lists, queues and mappings from one set of values to a different. In computer science and pc programming, a knowledge structure could additionally be chosen or designed to retailer knowledge for the aim of using it with numerous algorithms. In some circumstances, the algorithm's basic operations are tightly coupled to the data construction's design. Each data construction incorporates details about the information values, relationships between the info and -- in some cases -- functions that could be utilized to the information. If they've made non-trivial changes, translating back into LLVM IR can contain reverse-engineering the construction of the addressing so as to fit it into the static kind of the original first operand. It isn't always presumably to fully reconstruct this construction; sometimes the underlying addressing doesn't correspond with the static type in any respect. In such cases the optimizer as an alternative will emit a GEP with the base pointer casted to a simple address-unit pointer, using the name "uglygep". This isn't fairly, however it's just as valid, and it's adequate to preserve the pointer aliasing ensures that GEP provides. In Sass, elements in lists can be separated by commas (Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif), spaces , or slashes as long as it's consistent inside the listing. Unlike most other languages, lists in Sass don't require special brackets; any expressions separated with areas or commas rely as an inventory. However, you're allowed to put in writing lists with sq. brackets (), which is helpful when utilizing grid-template-columns. Linked lists are linear Data Structures which aren't saved consequently however are linked with one another utilizing pointers.

The node of a linked record consists of information and a pointer referred to as next. These buildings are most widely used in picture viewing applications, music player functions and so forth. Stacks are linear Data Structures that are primarily based on the precept of Last-In-First-Out the place data which is entered last will be the first to get accessed. It is built using the array construction and has operations namely, pushing elements, popping elements and accessing elements only from one level within the stack known as as the TOP. This TOP is the pointer to the present place of the stack. Stacks are prominently used in functions such as Recursive Programming, reversing phrases, undo mechanisms in word editors and so forth. Python is a really high-level programming language, and it tends to stray away from something remotely resembling internal data structure. Because of this, we usually don't really want indices of a list to access its elements, nevertheless, typically we desperately want them. Alongside the plain object, the array is a extensively used data construction in JavaScript. And a widely used operation on arrays is accessing elements by index. The C programming language permits the nesting of the construction. This could be carried out through the use of one construction into the physique of one other construction. Nesting of a number of separate constructions enables the creation of complicated data varieties. In the above program, a structure named Patient is outlined. These knowledge members have not been allocated any area within the memory but. The variables p1 and p2 are the structure variables declared in the principle function.

How To Fix Chipped Paint Before Painting

If the problem is caused by too much moisture inside the walls, you'll likely need to start by fixing this problem. Otherwise, paint will bubble, peel, or crack again. If the issue seems to only be the original paint job, simply use scrapers and/or sanders to remove the paint in the affected area. Apply a coat of primer and allow it to completely dry. Then, apply a quality paint that matches your existing wall colors. If you repaint when you move in, save information about the shades you select, so touchups in the future are simpler.

Otherwise, you'll need to try to match the existing shade to color samples. It's unlikely any peeling paint will survive scraping, washing and scrubbing. But if it does, you can remove it with a light scuff sanding. Use a 150-grit sanding sponge, which is easier to manipulate than sandpaper and won't gum up as easily.

Wipe the trim down with a rag, and apply the primer and first coat of paint. A Wagner FLEXiO sprayer will make the job go much faster and produce a more professional finish than a brush. Prior to applying the second coat, use the sponge to scuff up the surface. Sprucing up trim with paint may take a bit of patience, but you'll be happy with the transformation. To repair peeling paint on drywall, first use a putty knife to scrape loose paint off the walls. Then, sand the walls and/or ceiling in the room with the peeling issue.

Patch any holes or rough areas with joint compound and sand again. Next, prime the walls with a primer that is designed to bond with drywall. If your repair didn't turn out well the first time, don't fret—there are ways to salvage it.

After your previous attempt dries, sand the spot back down to the primer with a 360-grit 3M Wetordry sandpaper. This time, it's imperative to stay within the repair zone, so you probably want to trim your sandpaper circle to sit even with the radius of your stick. Wipe off any extra dust or moisture, then repaint the spot.

Wet sand the spot with 1000-grit sandpaper once the paint is completely dry. This tedious process slowly built up new layers of paint to sit even with the original surface. To repair peeling paint, start by scraping the peeling paint off of the surface with a flat blade.

Next, fill any cracks or holes in the surface with quick-setting patching compound, let the compound dry, and sand the area. Then, apply a thin, even layer of primer over the surface and let it dry completely. Finally, repaint the repaired surface with two coats of new paint and let it dry for at least 24 hours before touching or using the space. To prevent cracking of newly installed plywood, sand and prime with a latex primer. If cracking has already occurred and is severe, replace the wood, as it is not re-paintable.

If the cracking is not extensive, remove all loose and peeling paint. Clean the surface thoroughly with a bleach-and-water solution. Damaged or rough surfaces may need to be sanded to the fresh wood. Seal all bare wood with an oil/alkyd primer, followed by the desired topcoat. Sills and other horizontal surfaces peel because water runoff is slow and in the meantime can work its way through any crack in the paint. Heat from sunlight also drives the moisture into the wood.

Scrape, sand and recoat these highly vulnerable areas as soon as peeling paint begins. Then they let the wood dry for at least five days before priming it. When paint begins to peel off your soffits (Fig. B), one likely culprit is a clogged or leaky gutter. The best prevention is to clean your gutters twice a year. Many veteran painters recommend removing the gutters entirely and eliminating both the peeling paint and the cleaning chore at the same time.

Other painters disagree, because gutters keep runoff from splashing up, soaking and ruining the paint on the lower siding. Despite the cleaning chore, we generally recommend gutters because they protect the foundation from water damage. We just applied a coat of white latex exterior paint to the inside of our garage using a roller.

We used the thicker exterior paint due to the extreme temperatures that garage would be exposed to during summer and winter. I've had rescraped the ceilings and walls with some drywall surface exposed and some old paint still adhered. I've considered using a power spray painter instead of a roller, which seems to exacerbate the peeling. The most common causes of latex paint peeling from hard or slick surfaces is lack of curing time after painting and poor surface preparation. Although most quality latex paints dry very quickly, the hardening or curing process takes much longer, ranging from 2 to 4 weeks. During the curing period, latex paints are very susceptible to damage by abrasion or scratching.

Over a properly prepared surface, enough time for curing is all that is needed for a satisfactory job. On some surfaces, special preparation is necessary or failure of the topcoat can occur. Another reason why your porch paint may be chipping or peeling is that the surface was not properly prepped.

If the last coat of paint wasn't scraped or sanded off or you forgot to prime it. Then the problems that existed before will continue to live on in the new coat. Poor quality products and tools may also be to blame.

Identify the potential causes of your bad porch paint and then you can start to fix the problem for good. I am having my house painted and the home is about 30 yrs. The painters had to do a lot of repairs to the walls in areas where tape was lifting and a lot of nail pops. Primer used is KILZ VPA. Thursday they applied 2 coats of Benjamin Moore paint. Today they started to fix the bubbles and the primer is just peeling off the walls in large sheets that look like tissue paper.

For the actual work, you start off by placing a drop cloth or a plastic tarp on the floor directly below the surface you are going to work on. Next, you properly prepare the wall you are fixing. Using a paint scraper and wire brush, scrape away all the loose paint you see. If you see any holes or cracks, you need to repair them. Apply caulk or a patching compound and wait for it to completely dry before proceeding to the next step. Remove all peeling and flaking paint using a paint scraper.

Cover the ground with drop cloths to catch paint chips, dust and debris. You can rent or buy a disc sander with 60-, 80- and 120-grit sanding discs. For very limited areas, use a random-orbit sander, hand sander or disc sander drill attachment. Begin sanding with a coarse abrasive and finish with a fine one.

Pay particular attention to smoothing the edges between painted and scraped areas. Painting will accentuate, not hide, any ridges and edges you leave. Peeling paint occurs when moisture collects under a painted surface. Moisture enters wood surfaces from the unpainted side, gets absorbed and then dries. This repeated swelling and shrinking of wood causes the paint to pull away from the surface, which results in cracking and peeling paint.

Locate sources of moisture by checking areas for leakage from gutters or eaves of the house. Water-induced, localized "spot"peeling paint is easy to identify (Fig. B). Although all joints are vulnerable, wood joints at window and door sills are particularly susceptible. Water sits in the corners, is slow to dry and eventually breaks through the paint barrier. The end grain of window and door frames, once exposed, sucks up water like a sponge, swells and further cracks the paint, making the situation worse. Peeling at wood joints could largely be prevented by sealing the end grain with primer.

And contractors don't want to bring in painters at this stage because of the cost. But it's worth the effort if you're the one installing the trim. Peeling paint is often caused by improper painting practices at the outset. Lack of primer, painting over fresh paint, or using low-quality paint are the usual causes of paint that peels off drywall. By following the steps above and allowing primer and paint to dry for 24 hours between coats, you will end up with a durable painted finish. When sanding painted drywall, sand enough that any loose or peeling paint is removed entirely, but do not damage the drywall paper beneath.

In areas where the paint has not started peeling, sand enough to dull the surface of the paint and make it slightly rough. This will help your new primer and paint to adhere to the surface. Use a pole sander or orbital sander to sand the peeling paint with 100 or 120 grit sandpaper.

If a section of your ceiling paint is peeling, it's best to sand and prep the whole ceiling for priming and repainting. If one wall in a room is peeling, it's a good idea to sand all the walls. This is because a poor paint job will typically peel in many areas. If you just patch the problem area you have today, another area of that bad paint job will begin to peel tomorrow. Once this has been done, you can paint the section and notice the results once it has dried.

Ensure that you have the proper shade of paint before beginning the task. Many paint professionals have digital apps that can perfectly blend colors to create a flawless result. Consider applying coating over your painting to protect your surfaces and prevent chips and cracks from developing again. Keep equipment and materials handy whenever you need to make a quick repair to the walls in the future.

When we purchased the home in 2000, there was peeling paint on all of the walls on the second floor. We got advice from our local Benjamin Moore dealer. As suggested, we scraped all the walls, sanded them down, wiped them, and then applied KILZ. Within in few months, the paint was peeling again. So, we went through The whole process again only to get the same results. But after years of not dealing with it, it's now time to address it again.

We had the house checked for moisture issues and it was determined that we don't have that problem. Remove all peeling paint and sand rough edges smooth. Prime with appropriate primer and recoat with a high quality paint. Remove all loose peeling paint and sand rough edges smooth.

Prime with appropriate primer and recoat with good-quality paint. Afterward, you'll need to sand the edges and then clean and prime the surface similar to how you handle peeling paint. To repaint, you will want to apply the brush or roller properly and not put paint application too heavy or too soft.

Paint will not bond well to wood exposed by sanding. Before you paint, be sure to use a high-quality paint primer, like True Value EasyCare Ultra Premium Exterior Primer/Sealer. This seals porous surface material so your topcoat won't soak in and dry unevenly. Priming also helps prevent peeling, rusting and bleed-through .

Apply with a brush, roller or spray applicator to all bare wood. Allow it to dry completely before moving on to the next step. Paint tends to peel or flake near joints between dissimilar materials—think siding and trim, window frames and glass, etc. This is where water seeps into cracks and soaks into the wood, causing the paint to peel. Use an old screwdriver or similar tool to scrape out any failed caulk from joints and cracks. Allow any moisture to dry completely before applying exterior paintable caulk with a caulking gun.

Once you get that squared away, get cracking on those cracks! Protect the floor with a drop cloth, and have a receptacle handy to catch the refuse. Gear up with goggles and a face mask, because tiny flakes of paint are sure to go flying.

Then—using a putty knife, wire brush, or paint scraper—carefully remove all the chipped or peeling paint from the walls and ceiling. Most often, peeling paint on drywall is caused by improper preparation. The most common cause is drywall that has not been primed before painting. Other causes are excessive moisture , low-quality paint, or paint that was not allowed to fully dry between coats. Be sure to clean the area after sanding to remove any dust and molecules for better paint adhesion and prevent future paint peels.

Make sure that you allow the area to be completely dry before painting. We do want flaking paint as a result of moisture under our paint. Hi, I'm having an issue with my living room paint peeling off in thick sheets down to the plaster. I was in the process of removing door trim and unfortunate lifted off some of the paint.

Do Centrum Vitamins Make You Gain Weight

Do Centrum vitamins make you gain weight It has long been known that many micronutrients are essential for life at low concentrations but become toxic at high concentrations. The effect of vitamins on weight gain also follows this Bertrand's rule. We may take the weight-gain effect of niacin as an example. Jiang and colleagues investigated the effects of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid at different doses (0, 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg diet) on the growth performance of chicken. Ivers and Veum found that among the doses used (6, 10, 14, 18, 22 and 44 mg/kg diet with adequate Trp), 14 mg of niacin/kg produced maximum weight gain in growing pigs.

Shibata et al studied the effect of nicotinamide at doses of 0, 60, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg diet on rat weight gain. Their result showed that nicotinamide increased the food intake of rats, especially in the groups fed diet containing 60 and 1000 mg/kg of nicotinamide. The highest weight gain was observed at 60 mg/kg, while high-dose nicotinamide (5000 mg/kg diet) led to an inhibition of weight gain at the early stage of exposure due to its toxicity.

These animal studies suggest that the supplemental dose for niacin to achieve maximum weight-gain effect may be around or less than 60 mg/kg diet. This dose is similar to that used in wheat flour fortification in some countries, e.g., the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait (Table ​ . Know that multivitamins shouldn't take the place of whole foods and a healthy diet.

Fresh produce, lean protein, and fortified grains are chock full of natural enzymes and nutrients that you won't find in man-made vitamins. But, vitamin supplements can fill in any nutritional gaps you don't get in your diet. For instance, adult women between the ages of 19 and 50 need 18 milligrams of iron each day, while men only need about 8 mg, according to dietary guidelines from the National Institute of Medicine. If your diet doesn't contain iron-rich foods like red meat, fortified grains, or beans, a multivitamin may be a good way to get the recommended daily intake. Thus, those who use wheat flour products as staple foods possibly consume a higher amount of synthetic B vitamins. Vitamin-fortified foods are cheaper than fresh and natural foods in developed countries, which may lead to a higher intake of synthetic vitamins in low SES groups than in high SES groups in these countries.

In contrast, in developing countries, those who live in urban areas may consume more fortified foods than those who live in rural areas. Infant formula milk (Table ​ 3) and children foods (e.g., ready-to-eat cereals) are highly fortified with vitamins. Thus, infants fed formula milk and children are likely to have excess vitamin intake, as reported in the literature[51-54]; and Different tolerance to fortified foods among population groups.

Vitaminsand minerals serve crucial functions in almost all bodily processes and must be obtained from foods or supplements, as our bodies are unable to make them. In this article, common drug interactions with vitamins and minerals are discussed, along with suggestions on how the pharmacist should manage these interactions. It is interesting that some overweight children become overweight adults, while others do not. One possible explanation for this may be a changing vitamin intake during the lifetime.

Whether obese infants become obese children and then obese adults may to a large degree depends on the intake of vitamins after weaning. In theory, infants, even with normal body weight, may become obese adults if they always consume high vitamin-fortified foods (e.g., refined grains) after weaning. We therefore recommend that the role of vitamin intake be taken into consideration in the study of the relationship between infant obesity and later obesity. Indeed, consuming good quality diets is always desirable, and this is particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic. Added fats should be primarily liquid oils such as olive, canola, or soybean oil.

Such a diet will provide appropriate amounts of healthy macronutrients and essential minerals and vitamins. Eating high-quality sources of protein, fat, and carbohydrate can help maintain a healthy weight and good metabolic state; this is not a time for highly restrictive, crash diets. If someone does develop a COVID-19 infection, eating enough of these healthy calories to prevent unintended weight loss is important.

Adequate amounts of minerals and vitamins provided by a healthy diet helps to ensure sufficient numbers of immune cells and antibodies, which are important as the body mounts a response to infections. As mentioned above, low SES groups in developed countries but high SES groups in developing counties may have a high synthetic vitamin intake from fortified foods. This may explain the findings that obesity is more prevalent in low SES groups in developed countries[6-10] but in high SES groups in developing countries[10-12,55]. Studies have demonstrated that formula-fed infants have a higher plasma level of vitamins compared with human milk-fed infants[51-53]. It is known that formula feeding[65-67] and micronutrient-fortified human milk feeding can lead to rapid infant weight gain, a known major risk factor for children developing obesity[70-72]. Therefore, excess vitamin intake may mediate the link between formula feeding and childhood obesity.

People should monitor weight gain during increased vitamin intake. During some instances, a sudden step-up may impact the body's system to maintain a healthy weight over a longer period. Similar to a "crash" diet approach to lose weight, one should be careful when gaining weight too fast. The problem starts when attempting extreme measures to gain weight with supplements. It may not present a sustainable weight management approach. Recently, it has been suggested that changes in the global food system may play a role in the increased prevalence of obesity.

If this is the case, the global food system must have sharply changed in the 1970s-1980s. This led to a nationwide increase in the consumption of many vitamins, especially fat synthesis-promoting B vitamins[21-24], including B1 , B2 , B3 and B6, in many countries[18-20]. Thus, there is a possibility that the food fortification-induced high vitamin intake may be related to the sudden increase in the prevalence of obesity in the 1970s-1980s. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that this food fortification-induced excess vitamin intake might play a major role in the increased prevalence of obesity. In this review, we will discuss the cause of increased vitamin intake and its possible role in obesity, as well as the obesity disparities among countries and groups within countries. There are many different types of drug interactions with vitamins and minerals, ranging in severity and significance.

Patients may not think to share information with their pharmacist about the vitamins and minerals they take, or they may feel the substances are harmless and irrelevant to their medication regimen. Because of the likelihood of an interaction, pharmacists should question patients not only about the drug allergies they have but also about the vitamins and minerals they ingest daily. Although this article did not discuss herbal products and other nutraceuticals, use of these products is important to document as well. Without this information, pharmacists cannot provide the necessary screening for interactions. Information about the use of vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and other nutraceuticals should be documented in patients' records for future reference.

For example, the intake of fresh vegetable-derived vitamins might be high in summer but low in winter. However, through evolution, humans have adapted to this seasonal variations in vitamin intake by developing mechanisms to maintain the vitamin homeostasis. While the intake of vitamins is higher in summer, their elimination through sweat and sebum[27-30] may also increase because the secretion of sweat and sebum is higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, the body can store a certain amount of vitamins when the supply is adequate, which can be used for some time when the intake is inadequate.

For example, it will take several months before the first symptoms of vitamin C deficiency appear in a vitamin C deprivation condition. From this point of view, it seems unnecessary to take vitamins everyday, although estimated daily average requirements and the recommended dietary allowances are given (Table ​ . Whole wheat bread is a healthier option when compared to flour bread. Though whole wheat bread is used for weight loss, it can also cause weight gain when consumed in enough amount. You can have whole wheat bread pudding or sandwiches to gain weight considerably over a period of few weeks.

Obesity, a state of excessive accumulation of fat in the body, is a major risk factor for many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In the 1970s and 1980s, a rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity occurred almost simultaneously in many developed countries. Since then, developing countries have also experienced a rapid increase in obesity rates. It is worth noting that the prevalence of obesity differs greatly among countries as well as groups within a country[8-12]. It is more prevalent among those with low socioeconomic status in developed countries[6,8-10] but with high SES in developing countries, especially at their early stage of development[10-12].

Interestingly, compared with breast-fed infants, formula-fed infants have higher rather than lower levels of energy expenditure and are more at risk for obesity in later life[15-17]. Therefore, the rapidly increased prevalence of obesity cannot be simply explained by genetic factors or decreased energy expenditure. Yes, vitamins can easily lead to weight gain and this is very much true when the vitamin intake is not backed by medical supervision and lacks a scientific approach. Though there are only a few researches that are supporting this case, the truth is unchanged.

These studies have found that vitamin fortification, intake of synthetic vitamins, and lessened vitamin elimination lead to quick weight gain. This chance is very high in fortified nations, women , and people with less Socio-Economic Status . However, one should understand that the mere taking of vitamins does not lead to weight gain. There may be many other factors such as improper food, lack of physical activity, and health issues such as less metabolism which may trigger more weight gain with the intake of vitamins. Since the late 1930s, when synthetic vitamins were first used, the human being has experienced the largest growth in vitamin intake in human history. It is possible that excess vitamins, especially B vitamins, may contribute to the development of obesity.

Vitamin-rich formulas and food fortification with vitamins may, to a large extent, be responsible for the increased prevalence of obesity over the past several decades. Staple food fortification may be of great harm because it leads to a sustained high vitamin intake. Therefore, given that there has been a significant increase in vitamin supply from natural sources, it is necessary and urgent to review and modify the standards of vitamin fortification. Thus, food fortification with niacin in these countries might have induced a maximum weight gain effect. In this case, further supplementation with niacin or niacin-containing multivitamin may offset the weight gain effect due to increased toxic effects, such as hepatotoxicity[ ] and oxidative tissue damage.

This may account for the observations that further multivitamin supplementation in the United States and Canada or large-dose niacin treatment for dyslipidemia (1-3 g/d) does not show weight gain. Many sugar-sweetened beverages are also supplemented with vitamins, which is also an important cause of increased vitamin intake. Since the 1950s, synthetic vitamins have been added to infant formulas. In the 1980s, the governments of most countries established minimum nutrient requirements for commercial infant formulas, resulting in a significant increase in the content of vitamins in formulas. The levels of vitamins in some formulas for premature infants are more than 20 times higher than that of human milk (i.e., about the minimum limit for nutrients) (Table ​ . 3).

Our modern lifestyles sometimes require an intake of diverse vitamin types to ensure the upkeep of a healthy body. Many forms of nutrients and vitamins exist to supplement our food intake. Many debates exist regarding the use of vitamins and the subsequent impact on the bodily system. During many circumstances, individuals reported that vitamins could probably increase weight.

Depending on your weight goal, added vitamins can sometimes assist people in balancing dietary requirements. If a person needs to enhance their weight for health or sometimes pregnancy reasons, various vitamin types can help. These vitamin types exist in certain food groups or added supplements. Dried fruits are dates, dried figs, apricots, currants, etc. Moreover, it has a high content value of vitamins and minerals, which are necessary for overall health and building muscles.

Being high in calories, it can help in achieving the calorie surplus that is required to gain weight. However, ensure that you drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration. If you're a healthy adult, taking a multivitamin won't lower your risk of heart attack, stroke or death from cardiovascular disease. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support any benefit from vitamin and mineral supplementation for the prevention of cancer or cardiovascular disease. The supplement market is a multi-million dollar business and nutritional supplements include a broad range of products.

Some are available over the counter, while others require a prescription. Some supplements have a lot of protein and calories, the nutrients that help you gain weight. There are also bodybuilding supplements, and on the other end of the spectrum, weight loss supplements.

Supplements can be for single nutrients, such as vitamin D or iron, or multiple nutrients, such as a multivitamin. Herbal products also fall under the umbrella of nutritional supplements. With today's hectic lifestyle, poor food choices or skipping meals, eating a well-balanced diet may not always be possible.

Certain lifestyle choices, stress, excessive exercise, alcohol consumption, smoking and even taking certain medications, all impact on our nutrient levels. So day-to-day, you may not be getting enough of the nutrients you need to maintain good health. This is where a daily multivitamin such as Centrum can help.

Increasingly, people use additional vitamins to assist their energy levels during the day. Sometimes society adds vitamins to their daily diets without understanding the impacts of it. If a person aims to gain weight using vitamins, the process needs to include a diet plan, exercise, and balanced eating. Weight gain with the use of added vitamins needs to include absorption of the key vitamins listed in the article. The additional intake of these vitamins via powder, liquid, or tablets needs to form part of a dietary plan. Using additional supplements provides some added support to increase muscle metabolism and enhance fat levels.

Pregnant women who already struggle with low weight numbers attempt to increase their fat levels with added vitamins. Diverse supplements on the market attempt to assist with muscle and bone growth. A person must remember that the balance between calorie intake and weight gain forms part of logical dietary thinking. If your daily intake of calories presents more than required, it changes into fat. Weight gain requires the management of certain food types and the intake of supplements that decrease metabolism. The reasons for weight gain during supplement intake comprise diverse reasons.

During many instances, the added supplements allow for an increase in energy levels. The aim of additional supplements normally relates to individuals who focus on exercising and toning. In other instances, people who genetically struggle to gain weight attempt to rectify the problem by adding nutrients. Although the article focuses on 4 vitamins that cause weight gain, the combined use with other nutrients and minerals impact the outcome. Vitamins play a significant role in keeping our bodies healthy, and the correct use of the nutrients should not create weight-increases. It becomes important to understand vitamin complexities and their diverse functions.

The use of correct food types allows for limited use of additional supplements to keep vitamin levels balances. The article below aims to provide a summary of 4 vitamin types that can assist with weight gain. It is important for pharmacists to be able to identify patients who are most at risk.

Patients with these risk factors should be targeted for interventions to prevent drug interactions with vitamins and minerals. If you're planning a surgery, be aware that some dietary supplements can interact in a harmful way with medications you need to take before, after, or during that surgery. Your health care professional may ask you to stop taking dietary supplements two or three weeks before the procedure to avoid potentially dangerous changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or bleeding risk. If you feel your body weight is being increased due to vitamin intake, decrease those vitamins. Keep an eye on the vitamins in the list of vitamins that cause weight gain to shed off additional weight.